journal of men's health
Volume 7, Issue 2 , Pages 145-158 , June 2010

An integrative medicine approach to managing nutrient depletions in the cardiometabolic patient

  • Andrew Heyman, MD, MHSA

      Affiliations

    • Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
    • Corresponding Author InformationCorresponding author.
  • ,
  • James B. Lavalle, RPh, MS

      Affiliations

    • College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
  • ,
  • Ernest B. Hawkins, RPh, MS

      Affiliations

    • Integrative Health Resources, Asheville, NC, USA
  • ,
  • Lena Edwards, MD

      Affiliations

    • Balance Health and Wellness Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA

Received 20 January 2010 ,Accepted 21 January 2010.

References 

  1. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic myndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation. 2005;112:2735–2752
  2. CAHCIM. Definition of Integrative Medicine. Developed and Adopted by The Consortium of Academic Health Centers for Integrative Medicine (CAHCIM), May 2004. Edited May 2009.
  3. Nahin R, Barnes PM, Stussman BJ, Bloom B. Costs of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and frequency of visits to CAM practitioners: United States, 2007. Natl Health Stat Report. 2009;18:1–14
  4. Neal R. Report by David M. Eisenberg, M.D., on complementary and alternative medicine in the United States: overview and patterns of use. J Altern Complement Med. 2001;7(Suppl 1):S19–21
  5. Ford ES, Li C, McGuire LC, Mokdad AH, Liu S. Intake of dietary magnesium and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among U.S. adults. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2007;15(5):1139–1146
  6. Volpe SL. Magnesium, the metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2008;48(3):293–300
  7. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:266–281
  8. Reis JP, von Mühlen D, Miller ER 3rd, Michos ED, Appel LJ. Vitamin D status and cardiometabolic risk factors in the United States adolescent population. Pediatrics 2009; Aug 3:.[Epub ahead of print].
  9. Epel ES. Psychological and metabolic stress: a recipe for accelerated cellular aging?. Hormones. 2009;8(1):7–22
  10. Parsons PA. The ecological stress theory of aging and hormesis: an energetic evolutionary model. Biogerontology. 2007;8:233–242
  11. Chrousos G, Gold P. The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. JAMA. 1992;267:1244–1252
  12. Yu BP, Chung HY. Adaptive mechanisms to oxidative stress during aging. Mech Aging Dev. 2006;127(5):436–443
  13. Takase B, Akima T, Uehata A, Ohsuzu F, Kurita A. Effect of chronic stress and sleep deprivation on both flow-mediated dilation in the brachial artery and the intracellular magnesium level in humans. Clin Cardiol. 2004;27(4):223–227
  14. Lima Mde L, Cruz T, Rodrigues LE, Bomfin O, Melo J, Correia R, et al. Serum and intracellular magnesium deficiency in patients with metabolic syndrome – evidences for its relation to insulin resistance. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2009;83(2):257–262
  15. Paolisso G, Scheen A, D’Onofrio F, Lefèbvre P. Magnesium and glucose homeostasis. Diabetologia. 1990;33:511–514
  16. Alaimo K, McDowell MA, Briefel RR, Bischof AM, Caughman CR, Loria CM, et al. Dietary intake of vitamins, minerals and fiber of persons age 2 months and over in the United States: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, phase 1, 1988-91. Adv Data Vital Health Stats 1994; 258:1–28.
  17. Guerrero-Romero F, Rodríguez-Morán M. Low serum magnesium levels and metabolic syndrome. Acta Diabetol. 2002;39:209–213
  18. Lima ML, Cruz T, Pousada JC, Barbosa K, Canguc V. The effect of magnesium supplementation in increasing doses on the control of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:682–686
  19. Kao WH, Folsoma R, Nieto FJ, Brancati FL. Serum and dietary magnesium and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis risk in community study. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:2151–2159
  20. He K, Song Y, Belin RJ, Chen Y. Magnesium intake and the metabolic syndrome: epidemiologic evidence to date. J Cardiometab Syndr. 2006;1(5):351–355
  21. Bo S, Durazzo M, Guidi S, Carello M, Sacerdote C, Silli B, et al. Dietary magnesium and fiber intakes and inflammatory and metabolic indicators in middle-aged subjects from a population-based cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(5):1062–1069
  22. Seelig M. Cardiovascular consequences of magnesium deficiency and loss: pathogenesis, prevalence and manifestations – magnesium and chloride loss in refractory potassium repletion. Am J Cardiol. 1989;63(14):4G–21G
  23. Altura BM, Altura BT. New perspective on the role of Mg in the pathophysiology of the cardiovascular system. I. Clinical aspects. Magnesium. 1985;4:226–244
  24. Dubey A, Solomon R. Magnesium, myocardial ischaemia and arrhythmias: the role of magnesium in myocardial infarction. Drugs. 1989;37:1–7
  25. Delva P. Magnesium and coronary heart disease. Mol Aspects Med. 2003;24(1–3):63–78
  26. Song Y, Li TY, van Dam RM, Manson JE, Hu FB. Magnesium intake and plasma concentrations of markers of systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(4):1068–1074
  27. Djurhuus MS, Skøtt P, Hother-Nielson O, Klitgaard NA, Beck-Nielsen H. Insulin increases renal magnesium excretion: a possible cause of magnesium depletion in hyperinsulinemic states. Diabet Med. 1995;12(8):664–669
  28. Hwang DL, Yan CF, Nadles JL. Insulin increases intracellular magnesium transport in human platelets. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;76:549–553
  29. Penumathsa SV, Thirunavukkarasu M, Samuel M, Zhan L, Maulik G, Bagchi M, et al. Role of niacin-bound chromium (NBC) in ameliorating the symptoms of metabolic syndrome. J Am Coll Nutr. 2007;25(483):H820–H826
  30. Vincent J. The biochemistry of chromium. J Nutr. 2000;130:715–718
  31. Balk EM, Tatsioni A, Lichtenstein AH, Lau J, Pittas AG. Effect of chromium supplementation on glucose metabolism and lipids: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(8):2154–2163
  32. Zafra-Stone S, Yasmin T, Bagchi M, Chatterjee A, Vinson JA, Bagchi D. Berry anthocyanins as novel antioxidants in human health and disease prevention. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007;51:675–683
  33. Preuss HG, Anderson RA. Chromium update: examining recent literature 1997–1998. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 1998;1:509–512
  34. Zafra-Stone S, Bagchi M, Preuss HG, Bagchi D. Benefits of chromium(III) complexes in animal and human health. In:  Vincent JB editors. The Nutritional Biochemistry of Chromium(III). Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2007;p. 183–206
  35. Ravina A, Slezak L, Mirsky N, Bryden NA, Anderson RA. Reversal of corticosteroid-induced diabetes mellitus with supplemental chromium. Diabet Med. 1999;16(2):164–167
  36. Dixon KM, Deo SS, Wong G, Slater M, Norman AW, Bishop JE, et al. Skin cancer prevention: a possible role of 1,25dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its analogs. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2005;97(1–2):137–143
  37. Nagpal S, Na S, Rathnachalam R. Noncalcemic actions of vitamin D receptor ligands. Endocr Rev. 2005;26:662–687
  38. Danescu LG, Levy S, Levy J. Vitamin D and diabetes mellitus. Endocrine. 2009;35:11–17
  39. Liel Y, Ulmer E, Shary J, Hollis BW, Bell NH. Low circulating vitamin D in obesity. Calcif Tissue Int. 1988;43:199–201
  40. Palomer X, González-Clemente JM, Blanco-Vaca F, Mauricio D. Role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2008;10:185–197
  41. Smith SM, Gardner KK, Locke J, Zwart SR. Vitamin D supplementation during Antarctic winter. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;89(4):1092–1098
  42. Nemerovski CW, Dorsch MP, Simpson RU, Bone HG, Aaronson KD, Bleske BE. Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease. Pharmacotherapy. 2009;29(6):691–708
  43. Xiang W, Kong J, Chen S, Cao LP, Qiao G, Zheng W, et al. Cardiac hypertrophy in vitamin D receptor knockout mice: role of the systemic and cardiac renin-angiotensin systems. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2005;288:E125–E132
  44. Müller K, Haahr PM, Diamant M, Rieneck K, Kharazmi A, Bendtzen K. 1, 25- Dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits cytokine production by human blood monocytes at the post-transcriptional level. Cytokine. 1992;4:506–512
  45. Scragg R, Sowers MF, Bell C. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, ethnicity, and blood pressure in the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Am J Hypertens. 2007;20:713–719
  46. Sugden JA, Davies JI, Witham MD, Morris AD, Struthers AD. Vitamin D improves endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and low vitamin D levels. Diabet Med. 2008;25:320–325
  47. Melamed ML, Muntner P, Michos ED, Uribarri J, Weber C, Sharma J, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease: results from NHANES 2001 to 2004. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28:1179–1185
  48. Targher G, Bertolini L, Padovani R, Zenari L, Scala L, Cigolini M, et al. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations and carotid artery intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetic patients. Clin Endocrinol. 2006;65:593–597
  49. Lindén V. Vitamin D and myocardial infarction. Br Med J. 1974;3:647–650
  50. Pilz S, März W, Wellnitz B, Seelhorst U, Fahrleitner-Pammer A, Dimai HP, et al. Association of vitamin D deficiency with heart failure and sudden cardiac death in a large cross-sectional study referred for coronary angiography. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:3927–3935
  51. Dobnig H, Pilz S, Scharnagl H, Renner W, Seelhorst U, Wellnitz B, et al. Independent association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:1340–1349
  52. Wang TJ, Pencina MJ, Booth SL, Jacques PF, Ingelsson E, Lanier K, et al. Circulation. Vitamin D deficiency and risk of cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2008;117(4):503–511
  53. Parker J, Hashmi O, Dutton D, Mavrodaris A, Stranges S, Kandala NB, et al. Levels of vitamin D and cardiometabolic disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas. 2010;65(3):225–236
  54. Webb AR, Kline L, Holick MF. Influence of season and latitude on the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3: exposure to winter sunlight in Boston and Edmonton will not promote vitamin D3 synthesis in human skin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988;67:373–378
  55. Kumar J, Muntner P, Kaskel FJ, Hailpern SM, Melamed ML. Prevalence and associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency in US Children: NHANES 2001-2004. Pediatrics 2009; Aug 3.[Epub ahead of print].
  56. Greenberg S, Fishman WH. Coenzyme Q10: a new drug for cardiovascular disease. J Clin Pharmacol. 1990;30:596–608
  57. Mechanick JI, Brett EM, Chausmer AB, Dickey RA, Wallach S. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for the clinical use of dietary supplements and nutraceuticals. Endocr Pract. 2003;9:417–470
  58. Lamperti C, Nani AB, Lucchini V, Prelle A, Bresolin N, Moggio M, et al. Muscle coenzyme Q10 level in statin related myopathy. Arch Neurol. 2005;62(11):1709–1712
  59. Kishi H, Kishi T, Folkers K. Bioenergetics in clinical medicine. III. Inhibition of coenzyme Q10 enzymes by clinically used anti-hypertensive drugs. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1975;12:533–540
  60. Kishi T, Watanabe T, Folkers K. Bioenergetics in clinical medicine. XV. Inhibition of coenzyme Q10 enzymes by clinically used adrenergic blockers of B-receptors. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1977;17:157–164
  61. Singh RB, Niaz MA, Rastogi SS, Shukla PK, Thakur AS. Effect of hydrosoluble coenzyme Q10 on blood pressures and insulin resistance in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease. J Hum Hypertens. 1999;13:203–208
  62. Rotig A, Appelkvist EL, Geromel V, Chretien D, Kadhom N, Edery P, et al. Quinone-responsive multiple respiratory-chain dysfunction due to widespread coenzyme Q10 deficiency. Lancet. 2000;356(9227):391–395
  63. IMS Health. www.imshealth.com. [Accessed May 25, 2008].
  64. Lazarou J, Pemeranz BH, Corey PN. Incidence of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. JAMA. 1998;279(15):1200–1205
  65. Kleefstra N, Houweling ST, Bakker SJ, Verhoeven S, Gans RO, Meyboom de Jon B, et al. Effect of chromium supplementation on glucose metabolism and lipids: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:2154–2163
  66. Lau F, Bagchi M, Sen C, Bagchi D. Nutrigenomic basis of beneficial effects of chromium (III) on obesity and diabetes. Mol Cell BioChem. 2008;317:1–10
  67. Anderson RA, Bryden NA, Polansky MM. Dietary chromium intake: freely chosen diets, institutional diets and individual foods. Biol Trace Elem Res. 1992;32:117–121
  68. Stearns DM, Wise JP, Patierno SR, Wetterhahn KE. Chromium (III) picolinate produces chromosomal damage in chinese hamster ovary cells. FASEB J. 1995;9(15):1643–1648
  69. Vieth R. Vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(5):825–826
  70. Hollis BW. Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels indicative of vitamin D sufficiency: implications for establishing a new effective dietary intake recommendation for vitamin D. J Nutr. 2005;135(2):317–322
  71. Zita C, Overvad K, Mortensen SA, Sindberg CD, Moesgaard S, Hunter DA. Serum coenzyme Q10 concentrations in healthy men supplemented with 30mg or 100mg coenzyme Q10 for two months in a randomised controlled study. Biofactors. 2003;18(1–4):185–193
  72. Caso G, Kelly P, McNurlan MA, Lawson WE. Effect of coenzyme Q10 on myopathic symptoms in patients treated with statins. Am J Cardiol. 2007;99:1409–1412
  73. Thibault A, Samid D, Tompkins AC, Figg WD, Cooper MR, Hohl RJ, et al. Phase I study of lovastatin, an inhibitor of the mevalonate pathway, in patients with cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 1996;2:483–491
  74. Kim WS, Kim MM, Choi HJ, Yoon SS, Lee MH, Park K, et al. Phase II study of high-dose lovastatin in patients with advanced gastric adenocarcinoma. Invest New Drugs. 2001;19:81–83
  75. Rosenfeldt FL, Haas SJ, Krum H, Hadj A, Ng K, Leong J-Y, et al. Conezyme Q10 in the treatment of hypertension: a meta-analysis of the clinical trials. J Hum Hypertens. 2007;21:297–306
  76. Langsjoen P, Langsjoen P, Willis R, Folkers K. Treatment of essential hypertension with CoQ10. Mol Aspects Med. 1994;(15 Suppl):S265–S272
  77. Linnane AW, Kopsidas G, Zhang C, Yarovaya N, Kovalenko S, Papakostopoulos P, et al. Cellular redox activity of coenzyme Q10 effect of CoQ10 supplementation on human skeletal muscle’. Free Radic Res. 2002;36(4):445–453
  78. Kelly GS. Rhodiola rosea: a possible plant adaptogen. Altern Med Rev. 2001;6(3):293–302
  79. Yokogoshi H, Kobayashi M, Mochizuki M, Terashima T. Effect of theanine, r-glutamylethylamide, on brain monoamines and striatal dopamine release in conscious rats. Neurochem Res. 1998;23:667–673
  80. Kobayashi K, Nagato Y, Aoi N, Juneja LR, Kim M, Yamamoto T, et al. Effects of L-theanine on the release of alpha-brain waves in human volunteers. Nippon Nogei Kagakukaishi. 1998;72:153–157
  81. Eschenauer G, Sweet BV. Pharmacology and therapeutic uses of theanine. Am J Health Sys Pharm. 2006;63(1):26–30
  82. Pelton R, LaValle JB, Hawkins EB, Krinsky DL. Drug-Induced Nutrient Depletion Handbook. 2nd edn.. Hudson, OH: Lexi-Comp Inc; 2001;

PII: S1875-6867(10)00030-8

doi: 10.1016/j.jomh.2010.01.002

journal of men's health
Volume 7, Issue 2 , Pages 145-158 , June 2010